Abstract: Global carbonate formations harbor abundant oil and gas resources, serving as key targets for deep to ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration. Deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs exhibit diversified types, high degrees of compaction, strong skeleton heterogeneity, complex pore/fracture structures, and heterogeneous fluid distributions. Coupled with the influence of high temperature and high pressure, these complexities result in a poor understanding of the rock physical characteristics of these reservoirs and low accuracy in their seismic prediction and quantitative interpretation. Seismic rock physics bridges reservoir properties and seismic responses. This study analyzes the current status of carbonate reservoir exploration and development, high-temperature and high-pressure rock physical experiments, and research on the rock physical characteristics of carbonate minerals and rocks. It reviews key advances in carbonate diagenesis, pore structure, fluid properties, and the influence of temperature and pressure on the elastic and attenuation properties of carbonate rocks. It also explores key scientific issues and future research directions in deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoir rock physics. Research on carbonate rock physics should be guided by the geological evolution of the target intervals. It must comprehensively investigate the influence of reservoir temperature and pressure conditions, matrix minerals, pore structure, and fluid properties on the rock physical characteristics of carbonates, so as to support the efficient exploration and development of deep to ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas reservoirs through geology-geophysics integration.